The Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) held a video work conference on environmental hazard investigation in chemical and other key areas in Beijing this (15th) this year, and deployed special inspections on chemical environmental management throughout the country. Vice Minister of Environmental Protection Zhang Lijun stressed that resolutely curb the outbreak of chemical pollution incidents, increase the momentum, further improve the environmental management of chemicals, and strive to resolve outstanding environmental issues that affect sustainable development and endanger the people's health.
Zhang Lijun said that in recent years, sudden environmental incidents caused by chemicals have shown a clear upward trend, seriously affecting environmental safety and social stability. According to statistics, from January 2010 to August this year, the Ministry of Environmental Protection received a total of 239 emergency environmental incidents related to hazardous chemicals. Chemical pollutants enter the environment and pose a major threat to human health. In order to protect the people's health and environmental safety, according to the State Council's plan, the Ministry of Environmental Protection decided to concentrate its efforts before the end of 2010 to carry out chemical environmental management inspections across the country. The inspection targets include chemical parks and chemical companies. All hazardous chemical production enterprises that hold production licenses for hazardous chemicals focus on inspecting sensitive areas such as rivers and lakes, coastal areas, and drinking water sources. Focus on checking the implementation of environmental assessment and “three simultaneous†systems for hazardous chemicals production enterprises, construction and operation of pollution control facilities, compliance with the discharge of major pollutants and characteristic pollutants, preparation and implementation of environmental emergency plans, implementation of environmental emergency protection measures, etc. .
Zhang Lijun pointed out that the problems found in the inspections must be rectified within a time limit. Enterprises that cannot meet the requirements after rectification and reform are asked to be shut down or banned by relevant local people's governments in accordance with the law; enterprises that do not comply with industrial policies, as well as enterprises that produce phase-out products and use outdated technological equipment, must be ordered to close down or closed down according to law. For enterprises that cause serious environmental pollution accidents, they must be closed down according to law. Those chemical-related projects that have not been approved for construction in advance, have not been put into production before being put into production, and enterprises that have illegally transferred or dumped hazardous chemicals shall be penalized in accordance with the law. For areas that have not fulfilled the requirements for the supervision of environmental chemicals in accordance with the requirements, or where major and large chemical pollution incidents occur, and where chemical incidents cause mass incidents, the environmental impact assessment of construction projects other than energy conservation, emission reduction and livelihood protection projects will be suspended. The approval of the documents and cancellation of the honorary title of environmental protection.
Zhang Lijun stressed that the environmental management of chemicals is an important part of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" pollution prevention and control work. The environmental management of chemicals concerns the quality of the environment, the health of the people, and the harmony and stability of society. In the future, the environmental management of chemicals should be placed in a more prominent position, accelerate the establishment of a sound and long-term mechanism, and further strengthen the environmental management of chemicals. One must be strict environmental access. The chemical environmental risk assessment should be regarded as an important part of the environmental impact assessment of chemical construction projects, and the role of the public participation mechanism must be given full play. The approval results of the environmental impact assessment documents for related projects should be announced to the public and accepted by the public; since September 2011, From the 15th onwards, all types of applications for the construction, renovation, and expansion of hazardous chemicals production and storage projects outside the industrial park will be temporarily suspended (except for energy-saving and emission-reduction projects). Second, we must establish a long-term mechanism for the environmental management of chemicals, and complete the registration of hazardous chemicals environmental management before the end of 2013. For enterprises that fail to fulfill their registration obligations in accordance with the regulations, in addition to punishment according to law, they will be granted environmental approvals for environmental assessments of listed companies. The special funds for environmental protection have been constrained; from 2012 onwards, a survey of existing chemical production, use, and related environmental conditions will be conducted every five years to find out the basic information on chemicals in China. Third, we must strengthen corporate environmental risk prevention and control of chemicals. Environmental protection departments at all levels must supervise chemical production enterprises to implement the main responsibility for preventing and controlling environmental risks, require enterprises to regularly report on the monitoring of emissions of characteristic chemical pollutants, gradually establish chemical environmental management ledgers and information files, and promptly announce to the public. Fourth, we must properly handle environmental incidents of chemical pollution. The environmental protection department shall take the lead in formulating emergency plans for environmental incidents involving chemical pollution, establish an emergency coordination mechanism, organize emergency training for emergency environmental incidents, and conduct investigations of environmental incidents according to law. Fifth, we must strengthen pollution accountability and punishment. Establish a lifelong accountability system for the environmental pollution of chemicals, earnestly implement the main corporate responsibility, and increase company claims, fines and criminal penalties.
The environmental protection departments (bureaus) of the 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the leaders and relevant personnel of the Environmental Protection Bureau of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and the environmental protection supervision centers of North China, East China, South China, Northwest, Southwest, and Northeast are mainly responsible for comrades and related personnel. About 2,300 people attended the meeting, mainly responsible for comrades and related personnel of the relevant departments and units of the Ministry of Protection.
Asbestos was added as an common ingredient to Brake Pads post-WWI, as car speeds began to increase, because research showed that its properties allowed it to absorb the heat (which can reach 500 °F) while still providing the friction necessary to stop a vehicle. However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos eventually started to become apparent, other materials had to be found. Asbestos brake pads have largely been replaced by non-asbestos organic (NAO) materials in first world countries. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:
Non-metallic materials - these are made from a combination of various synthetic substances bonded into a composite, principally in the form of cellulose, aramid, PAN, and sintered glass. They are gentle on rotors, but produce a fair amount of dust, thus having a short service life.
Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with varying proportions of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, more fade-resistant and longer lasting, but at the cost of increased wear to the rotor/drum which then must be replaced sooner. They also require more actuating force than non-metallic pads in order to generate braking torque.
Fully metallic materials - these pads are used only in racing vehicles, and are composed of sintered steel without any synthetic additives. They are very long-lasting, but require more force to slow a vehicle while wearing off the rotors faster. They also tend to be very loud.
Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads, grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety. Their principal drawback, however, is that unlike the previous three types, despite the presence of the copper (which has a high thermal conductivity), ceramic pads generally do not dissipate heat well, which can eventually cause the pads or other components of the braking system to warp.However, because the ceramic materials causes the braking sound to be elevated beyond that of human hearing, they are exceptionally quiet.
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